DNA Spiral DNA Spiral

Laudenslager / Laudenschlager / Lautenschlager
and Similar German Surnames
Genetic Genealogy Y-DNA Surname Project

(Primarily Soundex Code L352)


Filename:   laudendna.htm

Internet:   http://www.kerchner.com/laudenslager/laudendna.htm

Key Dates:  Project Started:             28 May 2003
            First Two Test Kits Ordered:  1 Jun 2003
            Webpage Created:             16 Jun 2003
            Last Updated:                27 Feb 2006

By:         Charles F. Kerchner, Jr.
            3765 Chris Drive
            Emmaus PA 18049-1544 USA

Notice:     Copyright 2003-2006 Charles F. Kerchner, Jr. All Rights Reserved.
            Establishing links to this page is encouraged and permitted.
            But, reuse or reprinting it in it's entirety or in part in other
            websites, or in any other media or publication, without my
            permission, is not permitted. Printing a hard copy of this
            report for your own personal, non-commercial use is permitted.

Subj:       A project to determine the unique Y-DNA chromosome markers for
            various unlinked Laudenslager and similar named family groups in
            the USA and to determine if these various descendants of various
            immigrants have one or more common male ancestors in Germany
            in the last 400-600 years and if possible to find their
            ancestral home villages or regions in Germany.

Keywords:   GENETICS GENEALOGY DNA Y CHROMOSOME GERMAN ANCESTOR LAUDENSLAGER SURNAME PROJECT

Some early Laudenslager progenitors:

Wilhelm Laudenslager Earliest known Lautenschlager in our line. Born circa 1552 in Odenwald Germany. Died circa 1606 in Odenwald Germany.
Adam Adam Lautenschlager, born 20 Nov 1603 in Gunterfurst, Erbach, Hessen, Germany, only known son of Wilhelm. Died about 1679 in Laudenau, Odenwald, Hessen, Germany. Married 3 Jan 1627 in Guttersbach, Erbach, Hessen, Germany to Anna Ihrig. The common male ancestor of the immigrants who came to Pennsylvania in the mid-1700's.
HENRY1 George 'Heinrich' Lautenschlager arrived 1751 at Philadelphia PA on ship Neptune. Settled in Berks Co PA.
GEORG1 Johan 'George' Lautenschlager arrived 1771 at Philadelphia PA on ship Tyger. Settled in Lehigh Co PA.
HENRY2 Johan 'Heinrich' Lautenschlager arrived 1771 at Philadelphia PA on ship Tyger. Settled in Northampton Co PA.
ADAM Johan 'Adam' Lautenschlager arrived 1771 (as 1 year old infant) at Philadelphia PA on ship Tyger. Settled in Lehigh Co PA.
GEORG2 Johan 'George' Lautenschlager arrived 1752 at Philadelphia PA on ship Neptune. Settled in Union and Snyder Co PA area. A descendant of Heinrich Laudenslager of Laudenau, Hessen, Germany
VOLGA RIVER GERMANS Johannes (maybe aka George) Lautenschlagaer and his wife Margaretha Elisabeth emigrated in 1767 from the area of Erbach, Oldenwald, Hessen, Germany, to the Volga River area of Russia at the request of Czarina Catherine the Great, who was a German Princess who had married Peter, the grandson of Peter the Great. Peter was weak and when he died Catherine became Czarina of Russia. Descendants emigrated from Russia to the USA circa 1901 ultimately settling in Wisconsin.


Some spelling variations found in ancestry records of known descendants: Laudenslager, Laudenshlager, Laudenschlager, Lautenschlager, Laudenslaeger, Laudenshlaeger, Laudenschlaeger, Lautenschlaeger, Laudenslayer, Loudenslager, and Lowdenslager.

Learn more about using DNA to aide genealogical research.
Download My "Genetics & Genealogy - An Introduction" Report
or
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The Beginning and Project Evolution

The Laudenslager Y-DNA surname project was started in May 2003 in an effort to further verify the surmised close relationship between the immigrants Johan 'George' Lautenschlager and Johan 'Heinrich' Lautenschlager who arrived at Philadelphia PA in 1771 on the ship Tyger. Their descendants and genealogical researchers have always surmised that most likely they were brothers. The descendants of these two early immigrants in what is now Lehigh Co PA have often been confused. In some records such as the History of Lehigh County PA published in 1914 some descendants of the two are also mixed up in the Laudenslager article therein. This is probably due to the similarity of the given names and that the author of that article in that county history probably did not understand the esoteric naming customs of 18th Century PA Germans. See my report 18th Century PA German Naming Customs for more details.

The two immigrants Johan 'George' Lautenschlager and Johan 'Heinrich' Lautenschlager lived at different ends of what is now Northampton and Lehigh Counties PA during the 18th Century since they were indentured servants to two different masters. They sold themselves into indentured servitude for several years in order to pay for their ship passage fees to get to Pennsylvania. But over time their descendants ended up living very close to each other and the families became hard to separate except to all but the most dedicated researcher. While no records in history have been found to conclusively prove or deny that the two immigrants were brothers, the circumstantial evidence is very strong that they were brothers. And thus it has long been surmised by their descendants and genealogical researchers that they probably were brothers.

And in an effort to gain more evidence this project began. It also began and will continue in order to increase the world-wide surnames Y-DNA database in the hopes of providing useful information to other individuals bearing the same or similar German surnames. The total benefit and results of the ongoing project will not be totally known for a year or two, but the potential results is inspiring ... linking together previously unlinked clans of Laudenslager descendants world-wide and finding the home regions or home villages for some of the other early immigrant ancestors for which no traditional historical genealogical records exists which can provide that information. This is a state-of-the art project using the latest DNA tools to aide genealogical research. I thank the Laudenslager volunteers who have made this project possible.

August 2003. The first phase of the project has been 100% successful! Test results for the first two Laudenslager clan descendants tested yielded an exact match. Thus, the science and genetics have confirmed that these two adult ancestors on the Ship Tyger were indeed very closely related and given the other traditional historical evidence of their interaction in local church records, they were indeed probably brothers. We now have a matched and verified Y-DNA (Y Chromosome) haplotype for these two male Laudenslagers on the Ship Tyger. This haplotype can now be used for comparision to other Laudenslager who are descendants of other males who arrived on the same ship to confirm that they indeed all were closely related. This haplotype can also be used to compare to Laudenslagers who arrived on other ships to determine any genetic connection between their clan and the Laudenslagers of the Ship Tyger arriving in 1771. And this Y-DNA Laudenslager haplotype can also be used for comparision to native born Laudenslagers in Germany today to determine distant cousinships with them in Germany when traditional records don't exist.

November 2003. A male descendant of 'Adam' Lautenschlager was found and tested. The immigrant Adam Lautenschlager was the one year old infant who arrived on the Ship Tyger with the other adult male and female Lautenschlagers. The family oral history reports that this Adam Lautenschlager's father probably died on the voyage over to Pennsylvania from Germany. A Y-DNA match between a male descendant of this Adam Lautenschlager and the other two Laudenslager clan descendants who have already been tested would scientifically confirm that the infant boy on the Ship Tyger was definitely of Lautenschlager paternity and eliminate other theories. A match would confirm the oral history that the father of this child either died in Germany before the family left for Pennsylvania or that the father of the child may have died during the voyage on the way over to Pennsylvania. Test results were positive. The Y chromosome haplotype of Kit 12205 matched very closely with the haplotype of Kits 10435 and 10437. Kit 12205 matched for 24 out of 25 markers to the haplotype of Kits 10435 and 10437. A change at any marker can occur at any time. It appears a single step marker change has occurred in the line of decendants from the child immigrant, Adam Lautenschlager. This slightly different, but very close haplotype to the other Laudenslagers, can now be used to differentiate in the future this Laudenslager descendant line in the USA from the other two. The very close match confirms that the one year old child immigrant Adam Lautenschlager was very closely related to the other two Lautenschlager adults on the ship Tyger. Thus the child Adam was of Lautenschlager paternity. At this time the name of the father and mother of this Adam Lautenschlager are still lost to history. But it is surmised that George Lautenschlager on the Ship Tyger was his uncle as George, per local church records, assisted in the religious upbringing of Adam Lautenschlager. So the theory that Adam's parents died on the way over is highly plausible.

March 2004. A male descendant of the immigrant 'George' Lautenschlager, last of Penn Township, Snyder Co PA, was found and has ordered a test. He lives in Missouri and his Kit number in the below tables is 19233. His immigrant ancestor, George Lautenschlager, arrived in PA in 1752 on the ship Neptune along with his half brother 'Valentine' Lautenschlager. Both these immigrants were sons of Hans 'Heinrich' Lautenschlager of Laudenau, Hessen, Germany. They both settled in the area of Union and Snyder Co PA. The test results of this new participant will provide useful data for establishing the haplotype for the Union and Snyder Co PA Lautenschlager clan and for determining the Ancestral Haplotype of all Lautenschlagers.

June 2004. Initial 12 marker results for kit 19233 matched exactly with the results of kits 10435 and 10437. This confirms the traditional genealogical research that the immigrant 'George' Lautenschlager of Penn Township, Snyder Co PA, who arrived in 1752 on the ship Neptune, was related to the Lautenschlager who arrived in 1771 on the ship Tyger and who settled in what is now Lehigh and Northampton Counties PA. Results for the additional 13 markers in the refined/enhanced higher resolution panel of markers revealed a one step difference at DYS449, which is a so called faster moving marker. Thus the overall match is 24/25. This fact when combined with sharing the same surname indicates a definite genealogical relationship. Anything better than 23/25 and sharing the same or similar surnames is considered a genetic genealogy match within a time frame of genealogical interest. Thus the Y-DNA test has confirmed the traditional genealogical research and records which shows that these two Lautenschlager lines in the USA are related back in Germany.

The fact that the descendants of the clans of Adam Lautenschlager, George1 and Henry2 Lautenschlager, and George2 Lautenschlager have a Y-DNA haplotype that differs slightly from each, by one step on one marker each, it thus provides a set of haplotypes which genetically differentiates the male line of these three groups from each other. Thus the 25 marker Y-DNA test could be used in the future to place a Laudenslager/Loudenslager male into one of these three groups, if his test results matched one of these haplotypes, and if that person did not have a paper trail to establish which group he belonged too. Thus the Y-DNA test could tell him which clan to focus his traditional research on to find the missing paper trail. Of course there are still other Lautenschlager groups to be tested and thus there could be other slightly different Lautenschlager haplotypes determined for the other Lautenschlager clans in the USA. Any haplotype match of 23/25, 24/25, or 25/25 and sharing the same or similar surname indicates a relationship within a genealogical time frame.

December 2004. Analysis of the 37 marker haplotype information accumulated to-date indicates that no kit number carries the Ancestral Haplotype at 37 markers. Kits 10435 and 10437 are carrying the Ancestral Haplotype at 25 markers. Relative to each other some kits have a Genetic Distance of 2, i.e., they differ from each other by 1 step at 2 markers. However relative to the Ancestral Haplotype all the kits tested so far only differ by 1 step on 1 marker from that deduced haplotype of the most recent common ancestor of the four males tested who all descend on different male lines. Thus all variations in the current haplotypes are assumed to be mutations away from the Ancestral Haplotype over time and those mutations have probably occured here in the USA. A mutation on a Y-chromosome marker can happen at any time. In other surname projects I coordinate such as my Kerchner surname project I have seen 2 marker differences between several 5th cousin lines. Thus the fact that kit 19233 differs from kit 12205 by one step at two markers, i.e., a 35/37 difference between those two, is not unusual. A 35/37 match and sharing the same or similar surname indicates a genetic genealogical relationship within a time frame of genealogical interest. This is of course confirmed by the traditional genealogical evidence. Kit 19233 is probably a 9th cousin one generation removed in relation to kit 12205. Kit 19233 is the 10th cousin to kits 10435 and 10437. The common ancestors are Adam Lautenschlager (1603-ca.1679) and Anna Ihrig (1610- ), last of Laudenau, Odenwald, Hessen, Germany. This Adam Lautenschlager was the only known son of Wilhelm Lautenschlager who was our earliest known Lautenschlager.

January 2005. New member Mr. Lautenschlager of Illinois, Kit 30400, joins the project and orders 37 marker test. His Lautenschlager line goes back to Hessen, Germany, via a Johann Georg Lautenschlager who emigrated to Yagodnaya, Polyanna, Russia in 1767. His ancestor was part of a group of Germans who were settled in the Volga River basin and are known to some researchers as the Volga River Germans. His more immediate ancestor came to the USA in 1901.

March 2005. Initial 12 marker results for Mr. Lautenschlager of Illinois, Kit 30400, matched several other Laudenslagers in the project exactly. That is good news. This indicates the Lautenschlager immigrants to Russia shared a common male ancestor with the Lautenschlager immigrants to Pennsylvania. We await the remaining 25 markers test results.

April 2005. The remaining 25 marker test results were received for Kit 30400. Three mutations were observed from the Ancestral Haplotype. Two of those were observed in similar markers in other participants. Given Kit 30400 shares the Lautenschlager surname and has a 34/37 match with the Ancestral Haplotype, and closely matches the other participant haplotypes, this indicates they share a common male ancestor within a time frame of genealogical interest. This conclusion comports with the historical information available for the participants to date.

Initial 12 Markers Test Results

To date 4 people have requested sample kits for Y-DNA testing, analysis, and comparison. Four people have submitted their DNA samples for lab testing. Y-DNA marker data has been received back from the lab for 4 testees. Two matched exactly 25/25 and two matched 24/25 in looking at their 25 marker haplotypes. None of the testees matched exactly at 37 markers Thus the tests confirms what the traditional genealogical research indicates, i.e., that these four immigrant ancestors who arrived in Pennsylvania at various times in the mid 1700's were closely related. See the results for the initial 12 markers in the first table below. Also see the other below tables for 25 and 37 marker results.

FamilyTreeDNA.com Y-DNA Results
DYS Locus Allele Values/DYS Marker STR "Repeats" Numbers
Results from Initial 12 DYS Loci/Markers

 

 

 

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

 

Kit#

Participant's
Surname
Spelling
& Geographic
Locale of
Participant

Earliest Known
Ancestor
per Research
and Henry Number

DYS

393

DYS

390

DYS

394
aka 19

DYS

391

DYS

385a

DYS

385b

DYS

426

DYS

388

DYS

439

DYS

389-1

DYS

392

DYS

389-2

Haplo-
group
or
closest
suggested
Haplo-
group

N/A Deduced

Deduced
Ancestral
Haplotype

Adam Lautenschlager
born 1603
Germany

13

25

14

11

13

14

12

12

12

14

14

30

R1b1
Suggested via
P25+ SNP Test
of Descendant

12205

Laudenslager
Pennsylvania

ADAM

13

25

14

11

13

14

12

12

12

14

14

29

R1b1 Suggested

10435

Laudenslager
Pennsylvania

GEORG1
8131113

13

25

14

11

13

14

12

12

12

14

14

30

R1b1 Confirmed
P25+ SNP Test

10437

Laudenslager
Pennsylvania

HENRY2
6141333

13

25

14

11

13

14

12

12

12

14

14

30

R1b1 Suggested

19233

Loudenslager
Missouri

GEORG2

13

25

14

11

13

14

12

12

12

14

14

30

R1b1 Suggested

30400

Lautenschlager
Illinois

 Volga River
Germans from
Erbach Hesse
Germany ca1767

13

25

14

11

13

14

12

12

12

14

14

30

R1b1 Suggested

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-
Notes:
1. Cells with dashes in them, if any, indicates we are still awaiting test results.
2. Genetic test results for this participant did not match expected results of prior historical genealogical research evidence.
3. TBD = To Be Determined.

Upgrade/Refinement to 25 Markers PP3 Y-DNA Test Results


FamilyTreeDNA.com Upgraded/Refined PP3 Marker Panel Results
Results of 13 Additional DYS Loci/Markers

 

 

 

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

Kit#

Participant's
Surname
Spelling
& Geographic
Locale of
Participant

Earliest Known
Ancestor
per Research
and Henry Number

DYS

458

DYS

459a

DYS

459b

DYS

455

DYS

454

DYS

447

DYS

437

DYS

448

DYS

449

DYS

464a

DYS

464b

DYS

464c

DYS

464d

N/A Deduced

Deduced
Ancestral
Haplotype

Adam Laudenslager
born 1603 Germany

18

9

10

11

11

25

14

19

27

15

16

17

17

12205

Laudenslager
Pennsylvania

ADAM

18

9

10

11

11

25

14

19

27

15

16

17

17

10435

Laudenslager
Pennsylvania

GEORG1
8131113

18

9

10

11

11

25

14

19

27

15

16

17

17

10437

Laudenslager
Pennsylvania

HENRY2
6141333

18

9

10

11

11

25

14

19

27

15

16

17

17

19233

Loudenslager
Missouri

GEORG2

18

9

10

11

11

25

14

19

28

15

16

17

17

30400

Lautenschlager
Illinois

 Volga River
Germans from
Erbach Hesse
Germany ca1767

18

9

10

11

11

25

14

19

28

15

16

16

17

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-
Notes:
1. Cells with dashes in them, if any, indicates we are still awaiting test results.
2. Genetic test results for this participant did not match expected results of prior historical genealogical research evidence.
3. TBD = To Be Determined.
4. Allele values for markers DYS 464 a-d adjusted down by count of one each on 19 May 2003 due to lab nomenclature change for those markers.


Upgrade/Refinement to 37 Markers PP5 Y-DNA Test Results

FamilyTreeDNA.com Upgraded/Refined PP5 Marker Panel Results
Results of 12 Additional DYS Loci/Markers

 

 

 

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

Kit#

Participant's
Surname
Spelling
& Geographic
Locale of
Participant

Earliest Known
Ancestor
per Research
and Henry Number

DYS

460

DYS

GATA
H4

DYS

CA
IIa

DYS

CA
IIb

DYS

456

DYS

607

DYS

576


FMM

DYS

570


FMM

DYS

CDYa


FMM

DYS

CDYb


FMM

DYS

442

DYS

438

N/A Deduced

Deduced
Ancestral
Haplotype

Adam Laudenslager
born 1603 Germany

11

11

19

23

17

15

16

18

36

39

12

12

12205

Laudenslager
Pennsylvania

ADAM

11

11

19

23

17

15

16

18

36

39

12

12

10435

Laudenslager
Pennsylvania

GEORG1
8131113

11

11

19

23

16

15

16

18

36

39

12

12

10437

Laudenslager
Pennsylvania

HENRY2
6141333

11

11

19

23

17

15

16

18

37

39

12

12

19233

Loudenslager
Missouri

GEORG2

11

11

19

23

17

15

16

18

36

39

12

12

30400

Lautenschlager
Illinois

 Volga River
Germans from
Erbach Hesse
Germany ca1767

11

11

19

23

17

15

16

18

37

39

12

12

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-
Notes:
1. Cells with dashes in them, if any, indicates we are still awaiting test results or they were not tested for that marker.
2. Genetic test results for this participant did not match expected results of prior historical genealogical research evidence.
3. TBD = To Be Determined.
4. FMM = Faster Moving Marker per FamilyTreeDNA.

Laudenslager Y-DNA Test Results 37 Marker Combined Data Table


Any male Laudenslager, Laudenshlager, Laudenschlager, Lautenschlager or other phonetic spelling variations of this German surname(s) wishing to learn more about this project and/or possibly participating in this project, please feel free to Contact Me.

How and Where Do You Order a Y-DNA Sample Collection Kit

I selected FamilyTreeDNA as the company to provide the testing services since they were the first company to my knowledge to specialize in DNA testing for genealogical purposes and also because they provided testing of the most markers for the least cost and other early project leaders spoke highly of their results. But as more testing companies entered this new industry, and since I am an engineer by education and experience I decided to also do my own quality control check by having my Y-DNA tested by another independent genetics testing company, Ancestry.com, which entered this field about a year after my project started. The allele value test results from Ancestry.com for the DYS markers which are used in common by FamilyTreeDNA's lab and Ancestry.com's lab matched exactly. This confirmed to my satisfaction that the quality and reliability of the STR allele values being obtained and reported by FamilyTreeDNA's lab were accuate and reliable. In addition to FamilyTreeDNA's lab results being completely accurate and reliable, the company personnel are very user friendly and easy to work with and communicate with, both by email and by telephone with a real live, knowledgeable person to answer your questions. You get an email notice of your results as soon as they are done as well as getting a written report and certificate with the results sent by postal mail. You also get email notices of other individuals in their database which you may have matched initially as well as in the future as more people are tested. FamilyTreeDNA also has an outstanding website which clearly displays your results and provides extensive information to be used in the interpretation of the results. FamilyTreeDNA also stores your DNA sample for 25 years at no additional charge at their lab for convenient use in future desired tests. Therefore, FamilyTreeDNA is my preferred and recommended organization for managing a Y-DNA surname project. And based on my experiences with both organizations, I also recommend FamilyTreeDNA as the best organization to choose for anyone considering starting a similar Y-DNA project of their own.

DNA samples are collected by yourself in your home using a simple inner cheek swab. It sort of works just like a tooth brush. No blood sample is required. Click here to see a sample test kit. Here is a photo journal of the sampling process demonstrated by Mr. Bob Dorsey who is part of another unrelated surname project. But it very nicely and humorously shows the process so I included the link here. Check it out. Also, to learn more about the DNA collection and lab processing procedures view this animated presentation provided by FamilyTreeDNA. You may also wish to review the various type tests which are available from the test laboratory, FamilyTreeDNA.com. The "25 Marker Y-DNA" kit is the recommended kit you need to order for participation in this project. The mininum kit for participation is the "12 Marker Y-DNA" kit, but it is not recommended, due to the much lower resolution as compared to using 25 markers. Review the various product kits and list prices. Discounts are available to participants in this project when the test kit is ordered through me as the project coordinator.

Contact Me And Join The Project


Benefits of Participation

Some benefits of participation are:
1. You identify the genetic genealogy profile of your male family line.
2. You may identify your roots when traditional documentary genealogical research methods have failed.
3. Your results may identify information offering clues of where to focus and pursue additional traditional documentary genealogical research.
4. You may be able to verify once and for all that your traditional documentary genealogical work is accurate and scientifically verified.
5. You may get clues or help others get clues as to the village of origin in Europe of their immigrant ancestor.
6. If you live in Europe with a similar surname to one of our current participants you may find descendants and cousins living in the USA you did not know you had.
7. Your DNA will be preserved for the future at no additional cost. Thus, you leave something for posterity for use by future members of your family. This is especially important for older members of a family, particularly if that older person is the last surviving male member of the family. Note: if that elderly person cannot afford the test another family member can sponsor and pay for the test.
8. You may identify new genetic cousins you did not know you had.
9. You will be joining the ranks of the select few early Genetics and Genealogy Pioneers and will have the satisfaction of knowing that you are an early participant in a state-of-the-art project which is contributing to the world knowledge base for this new and exciting field, genealogy by genetics.
10. By donating a DNA sample now for posterity, your descendants won't have to dig you up later. :-)

Click Here to See A Sample Y-DNA Test Results Certificate

To get your sample collection kit at substantially reduced cost, place your order through me as the Laudenslager Group Coordinator and you will get the substantially discounted group rate price. When you are ready to order your kit, email me and let me know your complete name and postal mail address, and telephone number, and that you want to submit a sample and order a kit and I will place your order and get you the discounted price. You will receive your invoice directly from FamilyTreeDNA.com with your sample collection kit. As of June 2003 the Laudenslager Group discounted net prices are: $169 for the 25 Marker Y-DNA Kit and $99 for the 12 Marker Y-DNA Kit. The 25 marker test is the recommended test for new participants. As you can see the prices within the group are substantially better than ordering directly from the testing company individually. For existing participants who wish to upgrade their results from the 12 marker test to the new 25 marker high resolution test, the cost for Laudenslager Group members is $90. Any questions, please contact me and I will be happy to try and answer your questions.

Contact Me And Join The Project

Genetic Genealogy Information Website Links

Kerchner's Genetic Genealogy and DNA Testing Information and Resources Page

Recommended Books

PA German Genealogy Research Help Pages

PA German Naming Customs
PA German Nicknames
PA Dutch Are Of German Heritage, Not Dutch
PA German Name Spelling Idiosyncrasies
Genealogy Research Tips
1812 Project Home Page
Laudenslager Genealogy Home Page

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Charles F. Kerchner, Jr.
3765 Chris Drive
Emmaus PA 18049-1544 USA
Email: Contact Me

Copyright ©2003-2007
Charles F. Kerchner, Jr.
All Rights Reserved
Project Started: 28 May 2003
Webpage Created: 16 Jun 2003
Last Revision: 20 Jun 2007